中考名師講堂(二) ▏英語 :直擊“熟詞生義” 突破閱讀難關(guān)
中考名師講堂(二) ▏英語 :直擊“熟詞生義” 突破閱讀難關(guān)
2025年中考臨近,初三學(xué)子進(jìn)入備考的沖刺階段,如何把握節(jié)奏、抓住重點(diǎn)、高效復(fù)習(xí)?為此,自今日起,新天水教育頻道聯(lián)合天水市教科所邀請我市經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的各學(xué)科優(yōu)秀教師,為考生備考支招,推出《名師講堂》專欄,敬請大家關(guān)注。

馬婧:天水市麥積區(qū)天成學(xué)校教師 曾獲市級作業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)大賽一等獎(jiǎng)等

周情:天水市教育科學(xué)研究所初中英語教研員曾獲市級園丁獎(jiǎng)
熟詞生義是初中英語學(xué)習(xí)中常見的現(xiàn)象,指某些常見詞匯在特定語境下具有不同于常規(guī)的含義或用法。這種現(xiàn)象既是初中英語考試的重難點(diǎn),也是英語學(xué)習(xí)的關(guān)鍵突破口,需要通過系統(tǒng)積累和語境分析,精準(zhǔn)理解詞匯的靈活含義,從而提升語言綜合能力。以下從定義特點(diǎn)、重要性、常見例子、學(xué)習(xí)方法及初中重要熟詞生義單詞總結(jié)等五方面進(jìn)行歸納。
一、熟詞生義的定義與特點(diǎn)
熟詞生義的核心在于“一詞多義”。例如,“bank”的常見含義是“銀行”,但在“river bank”中表示“河岸”;“address”通常指“地址”,但也可作動(dòng)詞表示“處理、解決(問題)”。這類詞匯的“生義”往往與上下文緊密相關(guān),需通過語境判斷具體含義。
二、掌握熟詞生義的重要性
1.考試高頻考點(diǎn):閱讀理解中常通過熟詞生義設(shè)置理解障礙,完形填空要求根據(jù)上下文選擇正確釋義。
2.提升語言應(yīng)用能力:正確理解詞匯的延伸含義,有助于提高閱讀速度和寫作表達(dá)的豐富性。例如“develop”除了“發(fā)展”,還可表示“沖洗(照片)”或“患病”。
3.避免誤解:如“I’m touched”并非“被觸碰”,而是“我被感動(dòng)了”,忽略生義可能導(dǎo)致溝通偏差。
三、典型例子解析
Let down:熟義為“放下”,生義為“使失望”(如:He let me down by breaking his promise)。
Company:常見義為“公司”,但在“keep someone company”中表示“陪伴”。
四、學(xué)習(xí)方法建議
1.結(jié)合語境推斷:遇到熟悉詞匯時(shí),先通過上下文猜測可能含義,再驗(yàn)證是否合理。
2.積累高頻熟詞生義:整理考試常見詞匯(如ask,close,tell等),分類記憶不同用法。
3.多維度練習(xí):通過完形填空、句子翻譯等題型強(qiáng)化應(yīng)用能力,例如區(qū)分“bear(忍受)”與“bear(熊)”的用法差異。
五、初中重要熟詞生義單詞:
A
1. appear
① 出現(xiàn)?。╲i.)
A ship appeared on the horizon.(disappear消失)
② 好象,似乎?。╲i.)
She appears to have many friends.
2. apply
① 申請(for)(vi.)
Mr.Wang decided to apply for the job.
② 運(yùn)用、應(yīng)用?。╰o)(vt.)
Our teacher applies this teaching method to his class.
3. arm
手臂(n.) 武裝?。╲.)
Lay down your arms or we'll fire!
放下武器,否則,我們就開槍了!
Police say the man is armed with guns and very dangerous.
警察說該男子攜有槍,十分危險(xiǎn)。
4. area
① 地區(qū)?。╪.)
Do you like the area where you are living?
② 面積?。╪.)
The city covers an area of 30,000 square kilometer.
5. ask (熟義:問)
要求(vt.)
The teacher asked that all the students stay at the classroom. 老師要求所有學(xué)生呆在教室
B
1. break
① 打破、打碎?。╲t.)
The boy broke the windows of the house.
② 休息?。╪.)
We have been working all the morning,let`s have a break.
2. book (熟義:書)
預(yù)定,預(yù)購(v.)
I would like to book three seats for tonight’s concert.
我想預(yù)定今晚音樂會(huì)的三個(gè)座位。
C
1. can (熟義:能)
罐頭(n.) 做成罐頭?。╲t.)
2. capital?。ㄊ炝x:首都)
大寫字母;資本(n.)
Write your name in block capitals, please.
姓名請用大寫。
3. change?。ㄊ炝x:變化)
零錢,找頭(n.)
Have you got change for a five-pound note?
你有沒有5英鎊的零錢?
4. charge
① 負(fù)責(zé) (n.)
The young man is in charge of the company.
② 充電 (vt.)
My cellphone is fully charged.
③ 收?。ㄙM(fèi)用)(vt.)
How much do you charge me for mending shoes?
④ 指控 (vt.)
He was charged with murder.
5. cost?。ㄊ炝x:花費(fèi);值……)
使失去(生命、健康等)(vt.)
Careless driving cost his life.
粗心的駕駛使他付出生命的代價(jià)。
6. course?。ㄊ炝x:過程)
課程;航線;一道菜(n.)
I’d like to take a refresher course to improve my driving.
我想?yún)⒓友a(bǔ)習(xí)訓(xùn)練以提高自己的駕駛技術(shù)。
The plane was off the course.
飛機(jī)偏離航向。
They were treated with a five-course dinner for lunch.
招待他們五道菜的正餐。
7. company
① 公司 (n.)
He worked in the company last year.
② 友伴、陪伴?。╪.)
keep sb company I will stay here and keep you company.
8. close
① 關(guān) (vt.)
Close the door when you leave the room.
② 靠近的?。╝dj.)
The church is close to our school.
③ 親密的、親近的?。╝dj.) a close friend
④ 位置接近地?。╝dv.)
The girl felt very cold,so she stood close to her mother.
9. check
① 核查 (vt.)
Let me check your answer.
② 支票?。╪.)
I will ask the boss for the check.
10.count(熟義:數(shù)、數(shù)目)
重要(vi.);認(rèn)為 (vt.)
Every minute counts.
每分每秒都重要。
D
1. date?。ㄊ炝x:日期;棗子)
追溯;約會(huì)(v.)
The ancient temple has a long history and can date back to the year 1890AD.
They have been dating for a long time.
他們一直頻頻約會(huì)。
2. dear(熟義:親愛的) 昂貴的
Clothes are getting dearer.
衣服越來越貴了。
3. desert?。ㄊ炝x:沙漠)
離開,拋棄(vt.)
We sheltered from the storm in a deserted garage.
我們在一間空無人住的茅屋里躲暴風(fēng)雨。
4. develop
① 發(fā)展?。╲t.)
② 沖洗(相片) (vt.)
③養(yǎng)成(習(xí)慣)?。╲t.)
5. drive
① 駕駛?。╲t.)
I drove a car to visit my parents.
② 驅(qū)使、驅(qū)趕?。╲t.)
The boy was driven out of the club.
E
1. earth (熟義:地球)
泥土(n.)
He covered the roots of the plant with earth.
他用泥土把植物的根埋起來。
2. easy?。ㄊ炝x:容易的)
舒適的,安分的,輕松的(adj.)
Now we are leading an easy life.
現(xiàn)在我們過著舒適的生活。
F
1. fall?。ㄊ炝x:v. 掉落)
n. 秋天;瀑布
His father passed away in the fall of 1970.
他父親在1970年的秋季過世。
The falls upstream are full of salmons.
該瀑布上游有許多大馬哈魚。
2. fine?。ㄊ炝x:adj.好的,晴朗的)
v.&n. 罰款
He was fined $200.
他被罰了200美元。
3. fair
① 公平的?。╝dj.)
It is fair to do the bargain.
② 展覽會(huì)、集市 (n.) a world fair 世界博覽會(huì)
4. firm?。ㄊ炝x:n. 公司)
adj. 堅(jiān)定的,牢固的
You must be firm where you think you are right.
你認(rèn)為對的地方立場一定要堅(jiān)定。
5. fire?。ㄊ炝x:n. 火)
v. 開除
He was fired for stealing from the counter.
他因從柜臺偷錢而遭解雇。
6. flat?。ㄊ炝x:n. 公寓,套房)
adj. 平躺的, 平伸的, 扁平的
The earthquake laid the city flat.
地震把這座城市夷為平地。
7. fix
① 固定、安裝?。╲t.)
Fix a shelf to the wall.
② 修理 (vt.)
My watch has stopped——it needs fixing.
③ 確定 (vt.)
The time for our meeting has been fixed already.
④ 凝視?。╲t.)
Her eyes were fixed on the nice dress.
8. fit
① 合適的?。╝dj.)
The food is not fit for babies.
② 健康的 (adj.)
Do some sports to keep fit.
③ 合適,合身 (vt.)
The shoes fit me well.
9. figure
① 外型?。╪.)
② 圖形?。╪.)
③數(shù)字?。╪.)
④figure out 弄明白;計(jì)算出
I can't figure out why he quittedhis job.
10. form
① 表格?。╪.)
Please fill in the form.
② 形式?。╪.)
water in the form of ice
③ 形成?。╲t.)
He forms a good habit.
G
1. gift
① 禮物?。╪.)
I will buy a gift for my mother on Mothers' Day.
② 天賦 (n.)
The girl has a gift for music.
2. grade?。ㄊ炝x:n. 年級)
n?。Α. 成績,評分等級;給…評分
She got excellent grades in her exams.
她考試成績優(yōu)異。
The term papers have been graded.
期末試卷已評完分?jǐn)?shù)了。
3. grow (熟義:v. 生長,成長,種植)
v.?。w積或數(shù)量)增加;變大
You must invest if you want your business to grow.
要想使生意擴(kuò)大,必須投資。
H
1. head?。ㄊ炝x:頭)
v. 動(dòng)身去
The ship was heading for Shanghai.
這艘船開往上海。
2. home?。ā∈炝x:家)
adj. 本國的
The cars are made for the home market.
這些小車生產(chǎn)出來在國內(nèi)銷售。
3. hold
① 抓住?。╲t.)
The girl was holding her father's hand. Hold on please.
② 舉行 (vt.)
A meeting was held last week.
③ 容納 (vt.)
I don't think the car will hold you all.
④ 占據(jù)?。╲t.)
She holds the post of manager.
I
1. iron?。ㄊ炝x:鐵)
n.&v. 熨斗;用熨斗燙
Mother is ironing my shirt with an electric iron.
媽媽用電熨斗在給我熨襯衣。
2. interest
①使感興趣?。╲t.)
What he said doesn't interest me at all.
②興趣?。╪.)
The little girl shows an interest in singing.
③利益;利息 (n.)
J
1. jam?。ㄊ炝x:果醬)
vt./n.(使)塞滿;(使)堵塞,困境
The accident jammed the main road for three hours.
這次事故使交通堵塞達(dá)三小時(shí)之久。
There are many traffic jams in Chongqing.
重慶經(jīng)常塞車。
2. just?。ㄊ炝x:adv. 正好;恰好)
adj. 公道的;公正的
That is a just decision.
那是公正的判決。
K
key
① 鑰匙 (n.)
I can't find the key to the door.
② 答案?。╪.) a test with key 附答案的測試題
③?。ù蜃謾C(jī)、鋼琴等的)鍵?。╪.)
④ 關(guān)鍵、要害?。╪.)
Diet and exercise are the key to good health.
L
1. last
① 最后、 最近 (adv.)
He came last in the race.
②最后的,末尾的 (adj.)
She is the last one to come to the classroom.
③持續(xù)?。╲i.)
How long do you think this fine weather will last?
2. leave
① 離開?。╲i.)
He left Beijing for Shanghai.
② 留下 (vt.)
Some one left this note for you.
③ 把……忘記?。╲t.)
I left my key at the office.
④ 使、讓?。╲t.)
Don't leave her waiting outside in the rain.
⑤ 假,假期
She asked for leave when her mother was ill.
3.lift
① 舉起 (vt.)
He can lift the heavy stone.
② 電梯?。╪.)
It's on the sixth floor---Let's take the lift.
③ 搭便車 (n.)
I will give you a lift to the station.
M
1. make (熟義:v. 制造;使)
v. 演變成(某事物);結(jié)果是
If you train hard, you will make a good footballer.
你要刻苦訓(xùn)練就能成為優(yōu)秀的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員。
2. mean?。ㄊ炝x:v. 意味著;打算)
adj.吝嗇的;卑鄙的
He is so mean and selfish that it is very difficult to make friends with him.
3. meet
① 遇見、遇到?。╲t.)
He met an old friend yesterday.
② 滿足
In order to meet the needs of the readers we will reprint the bestseller.
③(在車站、機(jī)場)接(人)
I will meet you at the airport.
4. match
① 比賽(n.)
There will be a basketball match on Saturday.
② 火柴(n.)
He stroke a match to light up the room.
③ 與….相配
The hat matches her dress very well.
5. mine?。ㄊ炝x:pron. 我的)
n?。Α. 采礦, 礦
When a gold mine was discovered in California, there was a gold rush.
在California發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦后,人們都去掏金了。
6. miss (熟義:v. 想念)
v. 錯(cuò)過,未擊中,未看見
He shot at the bird but missed.
他打鳥未打中。
He missed the point of my joke.
他沒有聽懂我講的笑話。
O
1. operate?。ㄊ炝x:v. 動(dòng)手術(shù))
v. 操作,操縱;管理 ,經(jīng)營
He operates the lift.
他是開電梯的。
They operate three factories and a huge warehouse.
他們管著三家工廠和一個(gè)大倉庫。
2. order?。ㄊ炝x:n & v. 命令)
n. 次序;秩序;點(diǎn)菜
n?。Α. 訂購
Some teachers find it difficult to keep order in their classes.
有些老師覺得課堂秩序很難維持。
We ordered two glasses of milk and some bread.
我們點(diǎn)了兩杯牛奶和一些面包。
P
1. park?。ㄊ炝x:n. 公園)
v. 停車;(暫時(shí))留下(某人),寄存(某物)
Your car is very badly parked.
你的汽車停放得不好。
Park yourself in that chair while I make you a cup of tea.
你坐在那張椅子上,我給你沏茶去。
2.pretty?。ㄊ炝x:adj. 漂亮的,可愛的)
adv. 相當(dāng)
She seemed pretty satisfied with the result.
她對那結(jié)果似乎相當(dāng)滿意。
3. present
① 禮物?。╪.)
He sent me a present for my birthday.
② 在場的、出席的?。╝dj.)
There were 200 people present at the meeting.
③ 目前,當(dāng)前?。╪.)
I am afraid I can`t help you at present——I am too busy
④ 提出、介紹?。╲t.)
He presented his report to the manager when he finished it.
R
1. race
① 競賽 (n.) a horse-race
② 種族?。╪.) people of mixed race
2. raise
① 提高、舉起 (vt.)
Raise your voice to make yourself heard.
② 飼養(yǎng);撫養(yǎng)?。╲t.)
My mother raised pigs at the countryside.
③ 籌集;集資?。╲t.)
The man raised money to build a primary school.
3. room (熟義:n. 房間?。?/p>
n. 空間
There is no room for so many people.
4. run (熟義:v. 跑,行駛?。?/p>
v. 經(jīng)營;管理
He has no idea of how to run a successful business.
他不知道把企業(yè)辦好的方法。
S
1. save
① 拯救?。╲t.)
He jumped into water and saved the drowning man.
② 節(jié)約?。╲t.)
Save water,please.
③ 儲蓄?。╲t.)
The girl saves some money for travel.
2. serve
① 服務(wù)、服役?。╲t.)
He served in the army during the war.
② 供(某人)飯菜、上菜 (vt.)
Learn to serve at table.
3. sentence?。ㄊ炝x:n. 句子)
v. 判決,宣判
He has been sentenced to pay a fine of 1000 pounds.
他被判罰款1000英鎊。
3. service
① 服務(wù)?。╪.)
The food is good at the hotel, but the service is poor.
② 公用事業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)或工作狀態(tài)?。╪.) a bus/train service
4. since
① 自從……(以來)
I have worked in the company since I graduated from college.
② 既然
Since you like the car,why don't you buy it?
5. should
① 應(yīng)該
You should clean your classroom every day.
② 竟然
I can't believe that he should speak to his parents like that.
6. spring
① 春天?。╪.)
The weather is warm in spring.
② 泉水?。╪.) a hot spring 溫泉
7. some
① 一些
Give me some paper, please.
② 某一(在單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前)
Some Mr. Smith is waiting for you.
8. support
① 支持 (vt./n.)
The chair can't suport you two——you are too heavy.
② 贍養(yǎng)?。╲t.)
He has a big family to suport.
T
1. train
① 訓(xùn)練?。╲t.)
He was trained as a engineer.
② 火車(一列)(n.)
I went home by train last week.
2. treat
① 對待 (vt.)
The woman treats the baby as her own child.
② 治療?。╲t.)
She was treated for sunstroke(中暑).
W
1. when?。ㄊ炝x:conj. 當(dāng)…時(shí)候)
conj. 那時(shí)突然;既然,考慮到
I was about to leave when it began to rain.
我剛要離開,突然下起雨來。
2. while?。ㄊ炝x:conj. 當(dāng)… 時(shí)候?。?/p>
conj. 然而;盡管,雖然
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.
我愛喝清咖啡而他喜歡加奶油的。
While I admit that there are problems, I don’t agree that they cannot be solved.
盡管我承認(rèn)有問題存在,但我沒說這些問題不能解決。
3. wonder (熟義:v. 想知道)
v. 感到驚奇,驚嘆
We wondered at the speed with which it arrived.
我們贊嘆其到達(dá)速度之快。
4. word?。ㄊ炝x:n. 單詞,話?。?/p>
n. 消息(不可數(shù)名詞)
Word came that I was needed at home.
有信兒來說家里需要我。
5. will
① 將(一般將來時(shí))
I will stay at home if it rains?。?/p>
② 意志(品質(zhì))(n.)
The old woman has a strong will.
③ 愿望 (n.) against one‘s will 違反某人的意愿
6. well
① 好地?。╝dv.)
He can play football very well.
② 井?。╪.)
The water in the well is very cool.
本期策劃:姬旺芳 執(zhí)行:趙曉玲 徐佳妮
1、凡注有“新天水訊”的稿件,均為天水日報(bào)社版權(quán)稿件,未經(jīng)許可不得轉(zhuǎn)載或鏡像;授權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)載必須注明來源為“新天水”,并保留“新天水”電頭。
2、凡注明為其它來源的信息,均轉(zhuǎn)載自其它媒體,轉(zhuǎn)載目的在于傳遞更多信息,并不代表新天水客戶端(網(wǎng)站)贊同其觀點(diǎn)和對其真實(shí)性負(fù)責(zé)。